Kinetics of appearance of intestinal lesions in mice mono-associated with a lethal or non-lethal strain of Clostridium difficile

References

1. Bartlett JG. Clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Gorbach SL. (ed) Infectious diarrhea Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1986157–178
   [Google Scholar]
2. Banno Y, Kobayashi T, Kono H, Watanabe K, Ueno K, Nozawa T. Biochemical characterization and biologic actions of two toxins (D-l and D-2) from Clostridium difficile . Rev Infect Dis 1984; 6:1S11–S20
   [Google Scholar]
3. Lyerly DM, Phelps CJ, Toth J, Wilkins TD. Characterization of toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile with monoclonal antibodies. Infect Immun 1986; 54:70–76
   [Google Scholar]
4. Meng XQ, Kamiya S, Yamakawa K, Ogura H, Nakamura S. Purification and characterisation of intracellular toxin A of Clostridium difficile . J Med Microbiol 1993; 38:69–73
   [Google Scholar]
5. Tucker KD, Carrig PE, Wilkins TD. Toxin A of Clostridium difficile is a potent cytotoxin. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:869–871
   [Google Scholar]
6. Lima AAM, Lyerly DM, Wilkins TD, Innes DJ, Guerrant RL. Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in rabbit small and large intestine in vivo and on cultured cells in vitro. Infect Immun 1988; 56:582–588
   [Google Scholar]
7. Fiorentini C, Arancia G, Paradisi S. Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B on cytoskeleton organization in HEp-2 cells: a comparative morphological study. Toxicon 1989; 27:1209–1218
   [Google Scholar]
8. Malorni W, Fiorentini C, Paradisi S, Giuliano M, Mastrantonio P, Donelli G. Surface blebbing and cytoskeletal changes induced in vitro by toxin B from Clostridium difficile an immunochemical and ultrastructural study. Exp Mol Pathol 1990; 52:340–356
   [Google Scholar]
9. Meador J, Tweten RK. Purification and characterization of toxin B from Clostridium difficile . Infect Immun 1988; 56:1708–1714
   [Google Scholar]
10. Mitchell TJ, Ketley JM, Haslam SC. Effect of toxin A and B of Clostridium difficile on rabbit ileum and colon. Gut 1986; 27:78–85
    [Google Scholar]
11. Sulivan NM, Pellett S, Wilkins TD. Purification and characterization of toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile . Infect Immun 1982; 35:1032–1040
    [Google Scholar]
12. Arnon SS, Mills DC, Day PA, Henrickson RV, Sullivan NM, Wilkins TD. Rapid death of infant rhesus monkeys injected with Clostridium difficile toxins A and B: physiologic and pathologic basis. J Pediatr 1984; 104:34–40
    [Google Scholar]
13. Libby JM, Jortner BS, Wilkins TD. Effect of the two toxins of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated cecitis in hamsters. Infect Immun 1982; 36:822–829
    [Google Scholar]
14. Lonnroth I, Lange S. Toxin A of Clostridium difficile: production, purification, and effect in mouse intestine. APMIS 1983; 91:395–400
    [Google Scholar]
15. Lyerly DM, Saum KE, MacDonald DK, Wilkins TD. Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins given intragastrically to animals. Infect Immun 1985; 47:349–352
    [Google Scholar]
16. Seddon SV, Hemmingway I, Borriello SP. Hydrolytic enzyme production by Clostridium difficile and its relationship to toxin production and virulence in the hamster model. J Med Microbiol 1990; 31:169–174
    [Google Scholar]
17. Davies HA, Boriello SP. Detection of capsule in strains of Clostridium difficile of varying virulence and toxigenicity. Microb Pathog 1990; 9:141–146
    [Google Scholar]
18. Czuprynski CJ, Johnson WJ, Balish E, Wilkins T. Pseudomembranous colitis in Clostridium difficile-monoassociated rats. Infect Immun 1983; 39:1368–1376
    [Google Scholar]
19. Wilson KH, Sheagren JN, Freier R, Weatherbee L, Lyerly D. Gnotobiotic models for study of the microbial ecology of Clostridium difficile and Escherichia coli . J Infect Dis 1986; 153:547–551
    [Google Scholar]
20. Corthier G, Dubos F, Raibaud P. Ability of two Clostridium difficile strains from man and hare to produce cytotoxin in vitro and in gnotobiotic rodent intestines. Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol 1986; 137B:113–121
    [Google Scholar]
21. Vernet A, Corthier G, Dubos-Ramaré F, Parodi AL. Relationship between levels of Clostridium difficile toxin A and B and cecal lesions in gnotobiotic mice. Infect Immun 1989; 57:2123–2127
    [Google Scholar]
22. Castex F, Jouvert S, Bastide M. Visualization by scanning electron microscopy of the intestinal transit of Saccharomyces boulardii in mice. Bull Soc Fr Mycol Med 1987; 16:249–256
    [Google Scholar]
23. Corthier G, Dubos F, Raibaud P. Modulation of cytotoxin production by Clostridium difficile in the intestinal tracts of gnotobiotic mice inoculated with various human intestinal bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 49:250–252
    [Google Scholar]
24. Mahe S, Corthier G, Dubos F. Effect of various diets on toxin production by two strains of Clostridium difficile in gnotobiotic mice. Infect Immun 1987; 55:1801–1805
    [Google Scholar]
25. Corthier G, Muller MC, Elmer GW, Lucas F, Dubos-Ramaré F. Interrelationships between digestive protolytic activities and production and quantitation of toxins in pseudo-membranous colitis induced by Clostridium difficile in gnotobiotic mice. Infect Immun 1989; 57:3922–3927
    [Google Scholar]
26. Castex F, Corthier G, Jouvert S, Elmer GW, Lucas F, Bastide M. Prevention of Clostridium difficile-induced experimental pseudomembranous colitis by Saccharomyces boulardii a scanning electron microscopic and microbiological study. J Gen Microbiol 1989; 136:1086–1089
    [Google Scholar]