1887

Abstract

is a dermatophyte responsible for the majority of human superficial mycoses. The functional expression of proteins important for the initial step and the maintenance of the infection process were identified previously in by subtraction suppression hybridization after growth in the presence of keratin. In this study, sequences similar to genes encoding the multidrug-resistance ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, copper ATPase, the major facilitator superfamily and a permease were isolated, and used in Northern blots to monitor the expression of the genes, which were upregulated in the presence of keratin. A sequence identical to the gene, encoding an ABC transporter in , was isolated in these experiments, and examination of a Δ mutant showed a reduction in infecting activity, characterized by low growth on human nails compared with the wild-type strain. The high expression levels of transporter genes by in mimetic infection and the reduction in virulence of the Δ mutant in a disease model suggest that transporters are involved in pathogenicity.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.002907-0
2009-02-01
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/58/2/163.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.002907-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Akao T., Sano M., Yamada O., Akeno T., Fujii K., Goto K., Ohashi-Kunihiro S., Takase K., Yasukawa-Watanabe M. other authors 2007; Analysis of expressed sequence tags from the fungus Aspergillus oryzae cultured under different conditions. DNA Res 14:47–57 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Altschul S. F., Madden T. L., Schaffer A. A., Zhang J., Zhang Z., Miller W., Lipman D. J. 1997; Gapped blast and psi-blast: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 25:3389–3402 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Casadevall A., Pirofski L. 2001; Host–pathogen interactions: the attributes of virulence. J Infect Dis 184:337–344 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Cervelatti E. P., Fachin A. L., Ferreira-Nozawa M. S., Martinez-Rossi N. M. 2006; Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel ABC transporter gene in the human pathogen Trichophyton rubrum . Med Mycol 44:141–147 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Choquer M., Lee M. H., Bau H. J., Chung K. R. 2007; Deletion of a MFS transporter-like gene in Cercospora nicotianae reduces cercosporin toxin accumulation and fungal virulence. FEBS Lett 581:489–494 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Cove D. J. 1966; The induction and repression of nitrate reductase in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans . Biochim Biophys Acta 113:51–56 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Diatchenko L., Lau Y. F., Campbell A. P., Chenchik A., Moqadam F., Huang B., Lukyanov S., Lukyanov K., Gurskaya N. other authors 1996; Suppression subtractive hybridization: a method for generating differentially regulated or tissue-specific cDNA probes and libraries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:6025–6030 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Erbagci Z. 2002; Deep dermatophytoses in association with atopy and diabetes mellitus: Majocchi's granuloma tricophyticum or dermatophytic pseudomycetoma?. Mycopathologia 154:163–169 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Fachin A. L., Maffei C. M., Martinez-Rossi N. M. 1996; In vitro susceptibility of Trichophyton rubrum isolates to griseofulvin and tioconazole. Induction and isolation of a resistant mutant to both antimycotic drugs. Mycopathologia 135:141–143 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Fachin A. L., Ferreira-Nozawa M. S., Maccheroni W. Jr, Martinez-Rossi N. M. 2006; Role of the ABC transporter TruMDR2 in terbinafine, 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide and ethidium bromide susceptibility in Trichophyton rubrum . J Med Microbiol 55:1093–1099 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Ferreira-Nozawa M. S., Silveira H. C., Ono C. J., Fachin A. L., Rossi A., Martinez-Rossi N. M. 2006; The pH signaling transcription factor PacC mediates the growth of Trichophyton rubrum on human nail in vitro . Med Mycol 44:641–645 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Fleissner A., Sopalla C., Weltring K. M. 2002; An ATP-binding cassette multidrug-resistance transporter is necessary for tolerance of Gibberella pulicaris to phytoalexins and virulence on potato tubers. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 15:102–108 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Francis M. S., Thomas C. J. 1997; Mutants in the CtpA copper transporting P-type ATPase reduce virulence of Listeria monocytogenes . Microb Pathog 22:67–78 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Grobler J., Bauer F., Subden R. E., Van Vuuren H. J. 1995; The mae1 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe encodes a permease for malate and other C4 dicarboxylic acids. Yeast 11:1485–1491 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Gupta A., Chattoo B. B. 2008; Functional analysis of a novel ABC transporter ABC4 from Magnaporthe grisea . FEMS Microbiol Lett 278:22–28 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Kunert J. 1972; Keratin decomposition by dermatophytes: evidence of the sulphitolysis of the protein. Experientia 28:1025–1026 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Kunert J. 1976; Keratin decomposition by dermatophytes. II. Presence of S -sulfocysteine and cysteic acid in soluble decomposition products. Z Allg Mikrobiol 16:97–105 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Lechenne B., Reichard U., Zaugg C., Fratti M., Kunert J., Boulat O., Monod M. 2007; Sulphite efflux pumps in Aspergillus fumigatus and dermatophytes. Microbiology 153:905–913 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Maranhão F. C., Paião F. G., Martinez-Rossi N. M. 2007; Isolation of transcripts over-expressed in human pathogen Trichophyton rubrum during growth in keratin. Microb Pathog 43:166–172 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Marro D., Guy R. H., Delgado-Charro M. B. 2001; Characterization of the iontophoretic permselectivity properties of human and pig skin. J Control Release 70:213–217 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Martinez-Rossi N. M., Ferreira-Nozawa M. S., Graminha M. A. S., Nozawa S. R., Fachin A. L., Cervelatti E. P., Prade R. A., Rossi A. 2004; Molecular aspects of dermatophyte–host interactions. In Fungi in Human and Animal Health pp 143–165 Edited by Kushwaha R. K. S. India: Scientific Publishers;
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Martinez-Rossi N. M., Peres N. T. A., Rossi A. 2008; Antifungal resistance mechanisms in dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 166:369–383 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Mishra N. N., Prasad T., Sharma N., Payasi A., Prasad R., Gupta D. K., Singh R. 2007; Pathogenicity and drug resistance in Candida albicans and other yeast species. A review. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 54:201–235 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Nir-Paz R., Elinav H., Pierard G. E., Walker D., Maly A., Shapiro M., Barton R. C., Polacheck I. 2003; Deep infection by Trichophyton rubrum in an immunocompromised patient. J Clin Microbiol 41:5298–5301 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Paião F. G., Segato F., Cursino-Santos J. R., Peres N. T., Martinez-Rossi N. M. 2007; Analysis of Trichophyton rubrum gene expression in response to cytotoxic drugs. FEMS Microbiol Lett 271:180–186 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Parisot D., Dufresne M., Veneault C., Lauge R., Langin T. 2002; clap1 , a gene encoding a copper-transporting ATPase involved in the process of infection by the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum . Mol Genet Genomics 268:139–151 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Prasad R., Gaur N. A., Gaur M., Komath S. S. 2006; Efflux pumps in drug resistance of Candida . Infect Disord Drug Targets 6:69–83 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Riggle P. J., Kumamoto C. A. 2000; Role of a Candida albicans P1-type ATPase in resistance to copper and silver ion toxicity. J Bacteriol 182:4899–4905 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Saier M. H. Jr, Beatty J. T., Goffeau A., Harley K. T., Heijne W. H., Huang S. C., Jack D. L., Jahn P. S., Lew K. & other authors; 1999; The major facilitator superfamily. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 1:257–279
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Sambrook J., Fritsch E. F., Maniatis T. 1989 Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual , 2nd edn. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory;
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Summerbell R. C. 1997; Epidemiology and ecology of onychomycosis. Dermatology 194 (Suppl. 1):32–36
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Takasuka T. 2000; Amino acid- or protein-dependent growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum . FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 29:241–245 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Urban M., Bhargava T., Hamer J. E. 1999; An ATP-driven efflux pump is a novel pathogenicity factor in rice blast disease. EMBO J 18:512–521 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Vardy E., Arkin I. T., Gottschalk K. E., Kaback H. R., Schuldiner S. 2004; Structural conservation in the major facilitator superfamily as revealed by comparative modeling. Protein Sci 13:1832–1840 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Vermeulen T., Schoonbeek H., De Waard M. A. 2001; The ABC transporter BcatrB from Botrytis cinerea is a determinant of the activity of the phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil. Pest Manag Sci 57:393–402 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Weissman Z., Shemer R., Kornitzer D. 2002; Deletion of the copper transporter CaCCC2 reveals two distinct pathways for iron acquisition in Candida albicans . Mol Microbiol 44:1551–1560 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Weitzman I., Summerbell R. C. 1995; The dermatophytes. Clin Microbiol Rev 8:240–259
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Zhu X., Williamson P. R. 2003; A CLC-type chloride channel gene is required for laccase activity and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans . Mol Microbiol 50:1271–1281 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.002907-0
Loading
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.002907-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error