1887

Journal of Medical Microbiology logo

Volume 62, Issue 8

Can implantable cardiac electronic device infections be defined as ‘early’ or ‘late’ based on the cause of infection? Free

Abstract

Implantable cardiac electronic device (ICED) infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Understanding the pathogenesis of these infections is important in their prevention and management. We hypothesized that ICED infections could be classified as ‘early’ or ‘late’, based on differences in microbiological cause within or beyond 1 year of implantation, respectively. A comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken to test this hypothesis. Prosthetic valve endocarditis cases were included for comparison. Articles were included if the time from device implantation to infection, definite evidence of infection (pocket/bacteraemia/endocarditis) and a positive microbiological diagnosis were included. There were no statistically significant differences in microbiology to support a 1 year cut-off between early and late ICED infection. and coagulase-negative staphylococci were the predominant causes of ICED infection both within and beyond 1 year of ICED implantation. To further assess the microbiological causes of ICEDs and their implications for pathogenesis a large-scale multi-centre study is required.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
© 2013 SGM
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.057042-0
2013-08-01
2024-04-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/62/8/1215.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.057042-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Al Soub H., Al Maslamani M., Al Khuwaiter J., El Deeb Y., Abu Khattab M. 2009; Myocardial abscess and bacteremia complicating Mycobacterium fortuitum pacemaker infection: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 28:1032–1034 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Amin M., Gross J., Andrews C., Furman S. 1991; Pacemaker infection with Mycobacterium avium complex. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 14:152–154 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Anguera I., Del Río A., Miró J. M., Matínez-Lacasa X., Marco F., Gumá J. R., Quaglio G., Claramonte X., Moreno A. other authors 2005; Staphylococcus lugdunensis infective endocarditis: description of 10 cases and analysis of native valve, prosthetic valve, and pacemaker lead endocarditis clinical profiles. Heart 91:e10 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Arber N., Pras E., Copperman Y., Schapiro J. M., Meiner V., Lossos I. S., Militianu A., Hassin D., Pras E. other authors 1994; Pacemaker endocarditis. Report of 44 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 73:299–305[PubMed] [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Bechara C., Gousseff M., Passeron A., Podglajen I., Day N., Pouchot J., Lavergne T., Mainardi J. L. 2011; Corynebacterium jeikeium pacemaker infection associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: a single positive blood culture could be sufficient for diagnosis. J Med Microbiol 60:249–251 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Bobin S., Durand-Dubief A., Bouhour D., Kirkorian G., Vandenesch F., Etienne J., Ballet-Mechain M., Peyramond D. 1999; Pacemaker endocarditis due to Staphylococcus lugdunensis: report of two cases. Clin Infect Dis 28:404–405 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Boell K., Gotoff R., Foltzer M., Storm R., Bourbeau P. P. 2003; Implantable defibrillator pocket infection and bacteremia caused by Nocardia nova complex isolate. J Clin Microbiol 41:5325–5326 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Brook I., Frazier E. H. 1997; Role of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in pacemaker infections. Clin Infect Dis 24:1010–1012 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Calderwood S. B., Swinski L. A., Waternaux C. M., Karchmer A. W., Buckley M. J. 1985; Risk factors for the development of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Circulation 72:31–37 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Camus C., Leport C., Raffi F., Michelet C., Cartier F., Vilde J. L. 1993; Sustained bacteremia in 26 patients with a permanent endocardial pacemaker: assessment of wire removal. Clin Infect Dis 17:46–55 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Castillo J. C., Anguita M. P., Torres F., Mesa D., Franco M., González E., Muñoz I., Vallés F. 2004; Long-term prognosis of early and late prosthetic valve endocarditis. Am J Cardiol 93:1185–1187 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Célard M., Vandenesch F., Darbas H., Grando J., Jean-Pierre H., Kirkorian G., Etienne J. 1997; Pacemaker infection caused by Staphylococcus schleiferi, a member of the human preaxillary flora: four case reports. Clin Infect Dis 24:1014–1015 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Chua A. G., Ding J., Schoch P. E., Cunha B. A. 1998; Pacemaker-induced endocarditis due to Propionibacterium acnes . Clin Infect Dis 27:1541–1542 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Cohen T. J., Pons V. G., Schwartz J., Griffin J. C. 1991; Candida albicans pacemaker site infection. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 14:146–148 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  15. de la Fuente A., Sanchez J. R., Uriz J., Reparaz J., Lopez-Coronado J. L., Moriones I. 1997; Infection of a pacemaker by Brucella melitensis . Tex Heart Inst J 24:129–130[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  16. de Oliveira J. C., Martinelli M., Nishioka S. A. D., Varejão T., Uipe D., Pedrosa A. A. A., Costa R., D’Avila A., Danik S. B. 2009; Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis before the implantation of pacemakers and cardioverter-defibrillators: results of a large, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2:29–34 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Duan X., Ling F., Zhou L., Yu Z., Ren S. H., Zhou T. M. 2007; Pacemaker generator pocket infection due to Burkholderia cepacia . J Hosp Infect 67:392–393 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Francia E., Domingo P., Sambeat M. A., Montiel J. A., Pericas R., Sánchez F., Gurguí M. 2000; Pacemaker infection by Brucella melitensis: a rare cause of relapsing brucellosis. Arch Intern Med 160:3327–3328 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Gordon S. M., Serkey J. M., Longworth D. L., Lytle B. W., Cosgrove D. M. III 2000; Early onset prosthetic valve endocarditis: the Cleveland Clinic experience 1992–1997. Ann Thorac Surg 69:1388–1392 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Habib G., Hoen B., Tornos P., Thuny F., Prendergast B., Vilacosta I., Moreillon P., de Jesus Antunes M., Thilen U. other authors 2009; Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 30:2369–2413 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Heitmann L., Cometta A., Hurni M., Aebischer N., Tschan-Schild I., Bille J. 1997; Right-sided pacemaker-related endocarditis due to Acremonium species. Clin Infect Dis 25:158–160 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Kimmel M., Kuhlmann U., Alscher D. M. 2008; Pacemaker infection with propionibacterium and a nephritic sediment. Clin Nephrol 69:127–129[PubMed] [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Kinoshita O., Amano J., Takano T., Kitahara H., Itou K., Uchikawa S., Yazaki Y., Imamura H., Hongo M., Kubo K. 2004; Bacteremia caused by late-infected pacemaker lead—a case report. Angiology 55:697–699[PubMed] [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Klug D., Lacroix D., Savoye C., Goullard L., Grandmougin D., Hennequin J. L., Kacet S., Lekieffre J. 1997; Systemic infection related to endocarditis on pacemaker leads: clinical presentation and management. Circulation 95:2098–2107 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Kouvousis N., Lazaros G., Christoforatou E., Deftereos S., Petropoulou-Milona D., Lelekis M., Zacharoulis A. 2002; Pacemaker pocket infection due to Acremonium species. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 25:378–379 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Kramer L., Rojas-Corona R. R., Sheff D., Eisenberg E. S. 1985; Disseminated aspergillosis and pacemaker endocarditis. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 8:225–229 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Kranidis A., Filippatos G., Koulouris S., Charitos C., Sioula E. 2003; Pacemaker endocarditis with sizeable vegetation and intermittent fever. Echocardiography 20:295–296 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Kurup A., Janardhan M. N., Seng T. Y. 2000; Candida tropicalis pacemaker endocarditis. J Infect 41:275–276 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Leong-Sit P., Redfearn D., Yee R., Krahn A. D. 2006; Images in electrophysiology: latent pacemaker infection. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 17:917 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  30. López J., Revilla A., Vilacosta I., Villacorta E., González-Juanatey C., Gómez I., Rollán M. J., San Román J. A. 2007; Definition, clinical profile, microbiological spectrum, and prognostic factors of early-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis. Eur Heart J 28:760–765 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Marrie T. J., Nelligan J., Costerton J. W. 1982; A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of an infected endocardial pacemaker lead. Circulation 66:1339–1341 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Marull J. M., De Benedetti M. E. 2009; Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator pocket infection due to Providencia rettgeri: a case report. Cases J 2:8607 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  33. McLellan E., Partridge D. 2009; Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Pseudomonas mosselii . J Med Microbiol 58:144–145 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Melero-Bascones M., Muñoz P., Rodríguez-Créixems M., Bouza E. 1996; Corynebacterium striatum: an undescribed agent of pacemaker-related endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 22:576–577 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Mezilis N., Hough R. E., Oakley G. D. 1997; Infections in transvenous cardiac pacemakers: two more cases. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 20:2992–2994 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Moore-Gillon J., Eykyn S. J., Phillips I. 1983; Prosthetic valve endocarditis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 287:739–741 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Moorman J. R., Steenbergen C., Durack D. T. 1984; Aspergillus infection of a permanent ventricular pacing lead. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 7:361–366 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Morris C. N., Scully B., Garvey G. J. 1998; Campylobacter lari associated with permanent pacemaker infection and bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 27:220–221 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Nandhakumar B., Menon T., Ravishankar G., Shanmugasundaram S. 2008; Pacemaker pocket infection associated with septicemia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Int J Infect Dis 12:107–108 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Nurnberger M., Treadwell T., Lin B., Weintraub A. 1998; Pacemaker lead infection and vertebral osteomyelitis presumed due to Cardiobacterium hominis . Clin Infect Dis 27:890–891 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Oliva A., Belvisi V., Iannetta M., Andreoni C., Mascellino M. T., Lichtner M., Vullo V., Mastroianni C. M. 2010; Pacemaker lead endocarditis due to multidrug-resistant Corynebacterium striatum detected with sonication of the device. J Clin Microbiol 48:4669–4671 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Pai R. K., Pergam S. A., Kedia A., Cadman C. S., Osborn L. A. 2004; Pacemaker lead infection secondary to Haemophilus parainfluenzae . Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 27:1008–1010 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Pai R. K., Wall T. S., Macgregor J. F., Abedin M., Freedman R. A. 2006; Klebsiella pneumoniae: a rare cause of device-associated endocarditis. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 29:540–542 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Ramsdale D. R., Charles R. G., Rowlands D. B., Singh S. S., Gautam P. C., Faragher E. B. 1984; Antibiotic prophylaxis for pacemaker implantation: a prospective randomized trial. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 7:844–849 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Roger P. M., Boissy C., Gari-Toussaint M., Foucher R., Mondain V., Vandenbos F., le Fichoux Y., Michiels J. F., Dellamonica P. 2000; Medical treatment of a pacemaker endocarditis due to Candida albicans and to Candida glabrata . J Infect 41:176–178 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Ruiter J. H., Degener J. E., Van Mechelen R., Bos R. 1985; Late purulent pacemaker pocket infection caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis: serious complications of in situ management. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 8:903–907 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Seifert H., Oltmanns D., Becker K., Wisplinghoff H., von Eiff C. 2005; Staphylococcus lugdunensis pacemaker-related infection. Emerg Infect Dis 11:1283–1286 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Senining R. C., Ahmad H., Shahzad R., Stahl-Avicolli A., Lamoste T. J., Soto N. E., Abter E. I., Chapnick E. K. 2001; Late prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus hemolyticus . Clin Infect Dis 32:e100–e101 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Shmuely H., Kremer I., Sagie A., Pitlik S. 1997; Candida tropicalis multifocal endophthalmitis as the only initial manifestation of pacemaker endocarditis. Am J Ophthalmol 123:559–560[PubMed] [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Simon C., Capuano F., Roscitano A., Sinatra R. 2008; A case of permanent pacemaker lead infection. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 5:649–652 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Sohail M. R., Uslan D. Z., Khan A. H., Friedman P. A., Hayes D. L., Wilson W. R., Steckelberg J. M., Jenkins S. M., Baddour L. M. 2008; Infective endocarditis complicating permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator infection. Mayo Clin Proc 83:46–53 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Sopeña B., Crespo M., Beiras X., García del Campo E., Rivera A., Gimena B., Maure B., Martínez-Vázquez C. 2010; Individualized management of bacteraemia in patients with a permanent endocardial pacemaker. Clin Microbiol Infect 16:274–280 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Sunbul M., Demirag M. K., Yilmaz O., Yilmaz H., Ozturk R., Leblebicioglu H. 2006; Pacemaker lead endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus hominis . Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 29:543–545 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Takigawa M., Noda T., Kurita T., Okamura H., Suyama K., Shimizu W., Aihara N., Nakajima H., Kobayashi J., Kamakura S. 2008; Extremely late pacemaker-infective endocarditis due to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia . Cardiology 110:226–229 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Tam W. O., Yew W. W., Yam W. C., Yuen K. Y., Wong P. C., Tse T. F. 2007; Pacemaker infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria: further experience. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11:118[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Tornos P., Sanz E., Permanyer-Miralda G., Almirante B., Planes A. M., Soler-Soler J. 1992; Late prosthetic valve endocarditis. Immediate and long-term prognosis. Chest 101:37–41 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Tsao Y. T., Wang W. J., Lee S. W., Hsu J. C., Ho F. M., Chen W. L. 2012; Characterization of Staphylococcus lugdunensis endocarditis in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Int J Infect Dis 16:e464–e467 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Tuğcu A., Yildirimtürk Ö., Baytaroğlu C., Kurtoğlu H., Köse Ö., Sener M., Aytekin S. 2009; Clinical spectrum, presentation, and risk factors for mortality in infective endocarditis: a review of 68 cases at a tertiary care center in Turkey. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 37:9–18[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Tylman T. A., Seaworth B. 1985; Pacemaker-associated sepsis: successful medical management. South Med J 78:1140–1141 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Ulkar U. G., Demiray T., Aydoğan H., Dansuk Z., Kocakavak C., Mert A. 2001; Pacemaker infection due to Brucella melitensis: a case report. Arch Intern Med 161:1910–1911 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Unger P., Clevenbergh P., Crasset V., Selway P., Le Clerc J. L. 1997; Pacemaker-related endocarditis inducing tricuspid stenosis. Am Heart J 133:605–607 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  62. van Winkelhoff A. J., Overbeek B. P., Pavicić M. J. A. M. P., van den Bergh J. P A., Ernst J. P. M. G., de Graaff J. 1993; Long-standing bacteremia caused by oral Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in a patient with a pacemaker. Clin Infect Dis 16:216–218 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Villamil-Cajoto I., Van den Eynde A., Rodriguez-Framil M., Paramo-de Vega M. 2006; Escherichia coli pacemaker-related endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Infect 12:1241 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Voet J. G., Vandekerckhove Y. R., Muyldermans L. L., Missault L. H., Matthys L. J. 1999; Pacemaker lead infection: report of three cases and review of the literature. Heart 81:88–91[PubMed] [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Voigt A., Shalaby A., Saba S. 2010; Continued rise in rates of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections in the United States: temporal trends and causative insights. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 33:414–419 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Wilson H. A. Jr, Downes T. R., Julian J. S., White W. L., Haponik E. F. 1993; Candida endocarditis. A treatable form of pacemaker infection. Chest 103:283–284 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Wohl B., Peters R. W., Carliner N., Plotnick G., Fisher M. 1982; Late unheralded pacemaker pocket infection due to Staphylococcus epidermidis: a new clinical entity. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 5:190–195 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Wolff M., Witchitz S., Chastang C., Régnier B., Vachon F. 1995; Prosthetic valve endocarditis in the ICU. Prognostic factors of overall survival in a series of 122 cases and consequences for treatment decision. Chest 108:688–694 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Zhan C., Baine W. B., Sedrakyan A., Steiner C. 2008; Cardiac device implantation in the United States from 1997 through 2004: a population-based analysis. J Gen Intern Med 23:Suppl 113–19 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.057042-0
Loading
Can implantable cardiac electronic device infections be defined as ‘early’ or ‘late’ based on the cause of infection?
J. Med. Microbiol. 62, 1215 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.057042-0
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.057042-0
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.057042-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error