1887

Abstract

The genus consists of a diverse group of Gram-negative bacilli and comprises seven species: , , , , and are regarded as opportunistic pathogens, and have been implicated in newborn and infant infections, causing meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and bacteraemia or sepsis. virulence is believed to be due to multiple factors. Some strains were found to produce diarrhoea or cause significant fluid accumulation in suckling mice. Two iron acquisition systems ( and /), plasminogen activator gene (), a 17 kb type VI secretion system (T6SS), and a 27 kb filamentous haemagglutinin gene () and associated putative adhesins locus are harboured on a family of RepFIB-related plasmids (pESA3 and pCTU1), suggesting that these are common virulence plasmids; 98 % of 229 tested strains possessed these plasmids. Even though pESA3 and pCTU1 share a common backbone composed of the gene and and gene clusters, the presence of , T6SS and FHA loci depended on species, demonstrating a strong correlation with the presence of virulence traits, plasmid type and species. Other factors were observed, in that form biofilms, and show unusual resistance to heat, dry and acid stress growth conditions. The outer-membrane protein A is probably one of the best-characterized virulence markers of . Furthermore, it was reported that employ phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt signalling, which activates protein kinase C-α and impairs the host cell’s mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, in order to invade cells. can also use immature dendritic cells and macrophages to escape the immune response. This review addresses the various virulence and environmental-adaptive characteristics possessed by members of the genus .

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2014-08-01
2024-03-28
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