1887

Abstract

A total of 118 meticillin-resistant (MRSA) and 140 meticillin-susceptible (MSSA) isolates from different patients in the same time period were comprehensively searched using a multiplex PCR for the classical and recently described superantigenic toxin gene family comprising the staphylococcal enterotoxin genes to and the toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 gene, . Both MRSA and MSSA isolates carried a number of superantigenic toxin genes, but the MRSA isolates harboured more superantigenic toxin genes than the MSSA isolates. The most frequent genotype of the MRSA isolates was , and together with the gene combination , , , and , which was found strictly in combination in 69.5 % of the isolates tested. In contrast, possession of the , and genes in MSSA isolates was significantly less than in MRSA (2.1 vs 77.1 %, respectively), although they also often contained the combination genes (25.0 %). This notable higher prevalence in MRSA isolates indicated that possession of the , and genes in particular appeared to be a habitual feature of MRSA. Moreover, these were mainly due to the fixed combinations of the mobile genetic elements type I νSa4 encoding , and , and type I νSa encoding , , , and . Analysis of the relationship between toxin genotypes and the toxin gene-encoding profiles of mobile genetic elements has a possible role in determining superantigenic toxin genotypes in .

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.2008/002790-0
2008-09-01
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/57/9/1106.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.2008/002790-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Archer G. L., Thanassi J. A., Niemeyer D. M., Pucci M. J. 1996; Characterization of IS 1272 , an insertion sequence-like element from Staphylococcus haemolyticus . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40:924–929
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Baba T., Takeuchi F., Kuroda M., Yuzawa H., Aoki K., Oguchi A., Nagai Y., Iwama N., Asano K. other authors 2002; Genome and virulence determinants of high virulence community-acquired MRSA. Lancet 359:1819–1827 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Beck W. D., Berger-Bachi B., Kayser F. H. 1986; Additional DNA in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and molecular cloning of mec -specific DNA. J Bacteriol 165:373–378
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Becker K., Friedrich A. W., Lubritz G., Weilert M., Peters G., Von Eiff C. 2003; Prevalence of genes encoding pyrogenic toxin superantigens and exfoliative toxins among strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from blood and nasal specimens. J Clin Microbiol 41:1434–1439 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Chini V., Dimitracopoulos G., Spiliopoulou I. 2006; Occurrence of the enterotoxin gene cluster and the toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 gene among clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is related to clonal type and agr group. J Clin Microbiol 44:1881–1883 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Dinges M. M., Orwin P. M., Schlievert P. M. 2000; Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus . Clin Microbiol Rev 13:16–34 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Hallin M., Denis O., Deplano A., De Mendonca R., De Ryck R., Rottiers S., Struelens M. J. 2007; Genetic relatedness between methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus : results of a national survey. J Antimicrob Chemother 59:465–472 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Holtfreter S., Broker B. M. 2005; Staphylococcal superantigens: do they play a role in sepsis?. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 53:13–27
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Jarraud S., Peyrat M. A., Lim A., Tristan A., Bes M., Mougel C., Etienne J., Vandenesch F., Bonneville M., Lina G. 2001; egc , a highly prevalent operon of enterotoxin gene, forms a putative nursery of superantigens in Staphylococcus aureus . J Immunol 166:669–677 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Jarraud S., Mougel C., Thioulouse J., Lina G., Meugnier H., Forey F., Nesme X., Etienne J., Vandenesch F. 2002; Relationships between Staphylococcus aureus genetic background, virulence factors, agr groups (alleles), and human disease. Infect Immun 70:631–641 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Katayama Y., Ito T., Hiramatsu K. 2000; A new class of genetic element, staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec , encodes methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:1549–1555 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Klein E., Smith D. L., Laxminarayan R. 2007; Hospitalizations and deaths caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , United States, 1999–2005. Emerg Infect Dis 13:1840–1846 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Kuroda M., Ohta T., Uchiyama I., Baba T., Yuzawa H., Kobayashi I., Cui L., Oguchi A., Aoki K. other authors 2001; Whole genome sequencing of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Lancet 357:1225–1240 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Letertre C., Perelle S., Dilasser F., Fach P. 2003; Identification of a new putative enterotoxin SEU encoded by the egc cluster of Staphylococcus aureus . J Appl Microbiol 95:38–43 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Lina G., Boutite F., Tristan A., Bes M., Etienne J., Vandenesch F. 2003; Bacterial competition for human nasal cavity colonization: role of staphylococcal agr alleles. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:18–23 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Lina G., Bohach G. A., Nair S. P., Hiramatsu K., Jouvin-Marche E., Mariuzza R. 2004; Standard nomenclature for the superantigens expressed by Staphylococcus . J Infect Dis 189:2334–2336 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Lindsay J. A., Moore C. E., Day N. P., Peacock S. J., Witney A. A., Stabler R. A., Husain S. E., Butcher P. D., Hinds J. 2006; Microarrays reveal that each of the ten dominant lineages of Staphylococcus aureus has a unique combination of surface-associated and regulatory genes. J Bacteriol 188:669–676 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Llewelyn M., Cohen J. 2002; Superantigens: microbial agents that corrupt immunity. Lancet Infect Dis 2:156–162 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Lowy F. D. 1998; Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 339:520–532 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. McCormick J. K., Yarwood J. M., Schlievert P. M. 2001; Toxic shock syndrome and bacterial superantigens: an update. Annu Rev Microbiol 55:77–104 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Mehrotra M., Wang G., Johnson W. M. 2000; Multiplex PCR for detection of genes for Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, and methicillin resistance. J Clin Microbiol 38:1032–1035
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Melles D. C., Gorkink R. F., Boelens H. A., Snijders S. V., Peeters J. K., Moorhouse M. J., van der Spek P. J., van Leeuwen W. B., Simons G. other authors 2004; Natural population dynamics and expansion of pathogenic clones of Staphylococcus aureus . J Clin Invest 114:1732–1740 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Munson S. H., Tremaine M. T., Betley M. J., Welch R. A. 1998; Identification and characterization of staphylococcal enterotoxin types G and I from Staphylococcus aureus . Infect Immun 66:3337–3348
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Murakami K., Minamide W., Wada K., Nakamura E., Teraoka H., Watanabe S. 1991; Identification of methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 29:2240–2244
    [Google Scholar]
  25. NCCLS 2001 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing , 11th informational supplement, M100-S11 Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards;
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Omoe K., Hu D. L., Takahashi-Omoe H., Nakane A., Shinagawa K. 2003; Identification and characterization of a new staphylococcal enterotoxin-related putative toxin encoded by two kinds of plasmids. Infect Immun 71:6088–6094 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Omoe K., Imanishi K., Hu D. L., Kato H., Takahashi-Omoe H., Nakane A., Uchiyama T., Shinagawa K. 2004; Biological properties of staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxin type R. Infect Immun 72:3664–3667 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Omoe K., Hu D. L., Takahashi-Omoe H., Nakane A., Shinagawa K. 2005; Comprehensive analysis of classical and newly described staphylococcal superantigenic toxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates. FEMS Microbiol Lett 246:191–198 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Perez-Roth E., Claverie-Martin F., Villar J., Mendez-Alvarez S. 2001; Multiplex PCR for simultaneous identification of Staphylococcus aureus and detection of methicillin and mupirocin resistance. J Clin Microbiol 39:4037–4041 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Robinson D. A., Enright M. C. 2003; Evolutionary models of the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:3926–3934 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Su Y. C., Wong A. C. 1995; Identification and purification of a new staphylococcal enterotoxin, H. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:1438–1443
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Thomas D. Y., Jarraud S., Lemercier B., Cozon G., Echasserieau K., Etienne J., Gougeon M. L., Lina G., Vandenesch F. 2006; Staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins U2 and V, two new staphylococcal superantigens arising from recombination within the enterotoxin gene cluster. Infect Immun 74:4724–4734 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Uchiyama T., Tadakuma T., Imanishi K., Araake M., Saito S., Yan X. J., Fujikawa H., Igarashi H., Yamaura N. 1989; Activation of murine T cells by toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. The toxin-binding structures expressed on murine accessory cells are MHC class II molecules. J Immunol 143:3175–3182
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Uchiyama T., Yan X. J., Imanishi K., Yagi J. 1994; Bacterial superantigens – mechanism of T cell activation by the superantigens and their role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Microbiol Immunol 38:245–256 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Wu S., Piscitelli C., de Lencastre H., Tomasz A. 1996; Tracking the evolutionary origin of the methicillin resistance gene: cloning and sequencing of a homologue of mecA from a methicillin susceptible strain of Staphylococcus sciuri . Microb Drug Resist 2:435–441 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Zaraket H., Otsuka T., Saito K., Dohmae S., Takano T., Higuchi W., Ohkubo T., Ozaki K., Takano M. other authors 2007; Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals in Niigata, Japan: divergence and transmission. Microbiol Immunol 51:171–176
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.2008/002790-0
Loading
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.2008/002790-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error