1887

Abstract

The species complex consists of two species, and , which cause systemic infections in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Both species have a bipolar mating system, with mating type () being predominant in clinical and environmental isolates. The strains of the species complex have been divided into eight major molecular types, which show differences in epidemiology, biology and pathogenicity. In this study, two PCR-RFLP analyses, based on the and genes, which are both located at the locus, were developed for simultaneous identification of the molecular and mating types of isolates of the species complex. The molecular and mating types of all 144 cryptococcal isolates, including rare subtypes, were successfully determined by both PCR-RFLP approaches. Pattern analysis of the AD hybrids revealed that the serotype A allele in strains of AD derived from genotype VNB, whereas the serotype A allele among strains of AD and AD derived from molecular type VNI.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.2008/003665-0
2008-12-01
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/57/12/1481.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.2008/003665-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Barchiesi F., Cogliati M., Esposto M. C., Spreghini E., Schimizzi A. M., Wickes B. L., Scalise G., Viviani M. A. 2005; Comparative analysis of pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans serotypes A, D and AD in murine cryptococcosis. J Infect 51:10–16 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Boekhout T., Theelen B., Diaz M., Fell J. W., Hop W. C., Abeln E. C., Dromer F., Meyer W. 2001; Hybrid genotypes in the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans . Microbiology 147:891–907
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bovers M., Hagen F., Kuramae E. E., Diaz M. R., Spanjaard L., Dromer F., Hoogveld H. L., Boekhout T. 2006; Unique hybrids between the fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii . FEMS Yeast Res 6:599–607 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bovers M., Diaz M. R., Hagen F., Spanjaard L., Duim B., Visser C. E., Hoogveld H. L., Scharringa J., Hoepelman I. M. other authors 2007; Identification of genotypically diverse Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii isolates by Luminex xMAP technology. J Clin Microbiol 45:1874–1883 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bovers M., Hagen F., Kuramae E. E., Boekhout T. 2008a; Six monophyletic lineages identified within Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii by multi-locus sequence typing. Fungal Genet Biol 45:400–421 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bovers M., Hagen F., Kuramae E. E., Hoogveld H. L., Dromer F., St-Germain G., Boekhout T. 2008b; AIDS patient death caused by novel Cryptococcus neoformans × C. gattii hybrid. Emerg Infect Dis 14:1105–1108 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bui T., Lin X., Malik R., Heitman J., Carter D. 2008; Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from infected animals reveal genetic exchange in unisexual, α mating type populations. Eukaryot Cell in press)
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Campbell L. T., Fraser J. A., Nichols C. B., Dietrich F. S., Carter D., Heitman J. 2005; Clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus gattii from Australia that retain sexual fecundity. Eukaryot Cell 4:1410–1419 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Casadevall A., Perfect J. R. 1998 Cryptococcus neoformans Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology;
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Cogliati M., Esposto M. C., Clarke D. L., Wickes B. L., Viviani M. A. 2001; Origin of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans diploid strains. J Clin Microbiol 39:3889–3894 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Cogliati M., Esposto M. C., Tortorano A. M., Viviani M. A. 2006; Cryptococcus neoformans population includes hybrid strains homozygous at mating-type locus. FEMS Yeast Res 6:608–613 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Diaz M. R., Boekhout T., Kiesling T., Fell J. W. 2005; Comparative analysis of the intergenic spacer regions and population structure of the species complex of the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans . FEMS Yeast Res 5:1129–1140 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Fraser J. A., Subaran R. L., Nichols C. B., Heitman J. 2003; Recapitulation of the sexual cycle of the primary fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii : implications for an outbreak on Vancouver Island, Canada. Eukaryot Cell 2:1036–1045 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Fraser J. A., Giles S. S., Wenink E. C., Geunes-Boyer S. G., Wright J. R., Diezmann S., Allen A., Stajich J. E., Dietrich F. S. other authors 2005; Same-sex mating and the origin of the Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak. Nature 437:1360–1364 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Keller S. M., Viviani M. A., Esposto M. C., Cogliati M., Wickes B. L. 2003; Molecular and genetic characterization of a serotype A MAT a Cryptococcus neoformans isolate. Microbiology 149:131–142 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Kidd S. E., Hagen F., Tscharke R. L., Huynh M., Bartlett K. H., Fyfe M., Macdougall L., Boekhout T., Kwon-Chung K. J., Meyer W. 2004; A rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:17258–17263 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Kidd S. E., Guo H., Bartlett K. H., Xu J., Kronstad J. W. 2005; Comparative gene genealogies indicate that two clonal lineages of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia resemble strains from other geographical areas. Eukaryot Cell 4:1629–1638 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Kwon-Chung K. J., Varma A. 2006; Do major species concepts support one, two or more species within Cryptococcus neoformans ?. FEMS Yeast Res 6:574–587 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Kwon-Chung K. J., Edman J. C., Wickes B. L. 1992; Genetic association of mating types and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans . Infect Immun 60:602–605
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Kwon-Chung K. J., Boekhout T., Fell J. W., Diaz M. 2002; Proposal to conserve the name Cryptococcus gattii against C. hondurianus and C. bacillisporus ( Basidiomycota , Hymenomycetes , Tremellomycetidae ). Taxon 51:804–806 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Latouche G. N., Huynh M., Sorrell T. C., Meyer W. 2003; PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the phospholipase B ( PLB1 ) gene for subtyping of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:2080–2086 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Lengeler K. B., Wang P., Cox G. M., Perfect J. R., Heitman J. 2000; Identification of the MATa mating-type locus of Cryptococcus neoformans reveals a serotype A MATa strain thought to have been extinct. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:14455–14460 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Lengeler K. B., Cox G. M., Heitman J. 2001; Serotype AD strains of Cryptococcus neoformans are diploid or aneuploid and are heterozygous at the mating-type locus. Infect Immun 69:115–122 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Lengeler K. B., Fox D. S., Fraser J. A., Allen A., Forrester K., Dietrich F. S., Heitman J. 2002; Mating-type locus of Cryptococcus neoformans : a step in the evolution of sex chromosomes. Eukaryot Cell 1:704–718 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Lin X., Litvintseva A. P., Nielsen K., Patel S., Floyd A., Mitchell T. G., Heitman J. 2007; α AD α hybrids of Cryptococcus neoformans : evidence of same-sex mating in nature and hybrid fitness. PLoS Genet 3:1975–1990
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Litvintseva A. P., Kestenbaum L., Vilgalys R., Mitchell T. G. 2005a; Comparative analysis of environmental and clinical populations of Cryptococcus neoformans . J Clin Microbiol 43:556–564 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Litvintseva A. P., Thakur R., Reller L. B., Mitchell T. G. 2005b; Prevalence of clinical isolates of Cryptococcus gattii serotype C among patients with AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. J Infect Dis 192:888–892 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Litvintseva A. P., Thakur R., Vilgalys R., Mitchell T. G. 2006; Multilocus sequence typing reveals three genetic subpopulations of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A), including a unique population in Botswana. Genetics 172:2223–2238
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Litvintseva A. P., Lin X., Templeton I., Heitman J., Mitchell T. G. 2007; Many globally isolated AD hybrid strains of Cryptococcus neoformans originated in Africa. PLoS Pathog 3:e114 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Meyer W., Castañeda A., Jackson S., Huynh M., Castañeda E. 2003; Molecular typing of IberoAmerican Cryptococcus neoformans isolates. Emerg Infect Dis 9:189–195 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Mitchell T. G., Perfect J. R. 1995; Cryptococcosis in the era of AIDS – 100 years after the discovery of Cryptococcus neoformans . Clin Microbiol Rev 8:515–548
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Speed B., Dunt D. 1995; Clinical and host differences between infections with the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans . Clin Infect Dis 21:28–36 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Tortorano A. M., Viviani M. A., Rigoni A. L., Cogliati M., Roverselli A., Pagano A. 1997; Prevalence of serotype D in Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from HIV positive and HIV negative patients in Italy. Mycoses 40:297–302 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Trilles L., Fernández-Torres B., Lazéra Mdos S., Wanke B., Guarro J. 2004; In vitro antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus gattii . J Clin Microbiol 42:4815–4817 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Viviani M. A., Cogliati M., Esposto M. C., Lemmer K., Tintelnot K., Colom Valiente M. F., Swinne D., Velegraki A., Velho R. & the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) Cryptococcosis Working Group; 2006; Molecular analysis of 311 Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from a 30-month ECMM survey of cryptococcosis in Europe. FEMS Yeast Res 6:614–619 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.2008/003665-0
Loading
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.2008/003665-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error