1887

Abstract

An evaluation of the microbiota present in cutaneous ulcers from 31 patients with a clinical and parasitological diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) was carried out by the standard filter paper disc technique, including antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacterial isolates. Microbial examination indicated that 21 patients (67.7 %) were contaminated with one to four bacteria and some of them also with yeast. A total of 142 micro-organisms were isolated. was the most frequently recovered bacterium (95.2 % of positive patients) and was found to produce type B (70 % of the staphylococcal isolates) and type C (50 %) enterotoxins as well as toxic shock syndrome toxin (60 %). (33.3 % of the positive patients), (19.0 %), HS-negative species (19.0 %), (14.3 %), species (9.5 %), species (9.5 %), species (4.8 %), (4.8 %), (4.8 %), (4.8 %), (4.8 %), (9.5 %) and (4.8 %) were also isolated. Surprisingly, isolates were susceptible to almost all tested drugs, although some of them were resistant to penicillin (69 %) and ampicillin + sulbactam (68 %). Concerning obligate anaerobes, all the Gram-negative isolates (25 % of the total) were resistant to metronidazole. The results of the present study show that microbial secondary contaminants, particularly , should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of ATL lesions.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.46070-0
2005-11-01
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/54/11/JM541111.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.46070-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Bergdoll M. S., Bennet W. R. 1984; Staphylococcal enterotoxins. In Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods pp 428–457 Edited by Speck M. L. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association;
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Bowler P. G., Duerden B. I., Armstrong D. G. 2001; Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management. Clin Microbiol Rev 14:244–269 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Brook I. 1995; Microbiology of secondary bacterial infection in scabies lesions. J Clin Microbiol 33:2139–2140
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Brook I., Frazier E. H., Yeager J. K. 1999; Microbiology of infected pustular psoriasis lesions. Int J Dermatol 38:579–581 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Casman E. P., Bennett R. W., Dorsey A. E., Stone J. E. 1969; The microslide gel double diffusion test for the detection and assay of staphylococcal enterotoxins. Health Lab Sci 6:185–198
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Daltrey D. C., Rhodes B., Chattwood J. G. 1981; Investigation into the microbial flora of healing and non-healing decubitus ulcers. J Clin Pathol 34:701–705 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Edrissian G. H., Mohammadi M., Kanani A., Afshar A., Hafezi R., Ghorbani M., Ghoragozloo A. R. 1990; Bacterial infections in suspected cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions. Bull World Health Organ 68:473–477
    [Google Scholar]
  8. El-On J., Sneier R., Elias E. 1992; Leishmania major bacterial contamination of cutaneous lesions in experimental animals. Isr J Med Sci 28:847–851
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Freeman C. D., Klutman N. E., Lamp K. C. 1997; Metronidazole: a therapeutic review and update. Drugs 54:679–708 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Gerding D. N. 1995; Foot infections in diabetic patients: the role of anaerobes. Clin Infect Dis 20:S283–288 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Laouini D., Kawamoto S., Yalcindag A., Bryce P., Mizoguchi E., Oettgen H., Geha R. S. 2003; Epicutaneous sensitization with superantigen induces allergic skin inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:981–987 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Livingstone S. J., Kominos S. P., Yee R. B. 1978; New medium for selective and presumptive identification of the Bacteroides fragilis group. J Clin Microbiol 7:448–453
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Marrack P., Kapler J. 1990; The staphylococcal enterotoxins and their relatives. Science 248:705–711 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. NCCLS 2000 Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Anaerobic Bacteria , 4th edn. Approved standards M11-A4 Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards;
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Omata R. R., Disraely M. N. 1956; A selective medium for oral fusobacteria. J Bacteriol 72:677–680
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Passos V. M. A., Barreto S. M., Romanha A. J., Krettli A. U., Volpini A. C., Gontijo C. M. F., Falcão A. L., Lima-Costa M. F. F. 2001; Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte: clinical, laboratorial, therapeutic and prospective aspects. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 34:5–12 (in Portuguese)
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Pereira A. L. N., Cella W. P., Oliveira E. G., Moreira I. V., Filho S. A. R., Gonçalves E. G. R., Costa J. M. L. 1999; Secondary infection in American tegumentary leishmaniasis: bacterial pattern and antibiotic susceptibility. In Resumos do XXXV Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. Guarapari, 223 (in Portuguese)
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Potter M. E., Chapman W. L. Jr, Hanson W. L., Blue J. L. 1983; Leishmania braziliensis : effects of bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus and Pasteurella multocida ) on the developing cutaneous leishmaniasis lesion in the golden hamster. Exp Parasitol 56:107–118 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Sader H. S., Jones R. N., Silva J. B. & The SENTRY Participants Group (200). (Latin America) .Skin and soft tissue infections in Latin America medical centers: four-year assessment of the pathogen frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 44:281–288
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Skene A. L., Smith J. M., Doré C. J., Charlett A., Lewis J. D. 1992; Venous leg ulcers: a prognostic index to predict time to healing. BMJ 305:1119–1121 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Slots J. 1982; Selective medium for isolation of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans . J Clin Microbiol 15:606–609
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Spira D. T., Rabinowitz H. 1975; Host-parasite relationships in cutaneous leishmaniasis. In Dynamic Aspects of Host-Parasite Relationships pp 177–188 Edited by Zuckerman A. New York & Toronto: Wiley;
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Steers E., Filtz E. L., Graves B. S. 1959; An inocula replicating apparatus for routine testing of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics. Antibiot Chemother 9:307–311
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Summanen P. H., Talan D. A., Strong C. & 7 other authors; 1995; Bacteriology of skin and soft-tissue infections: comparison of infections in intravenous drug users and individuals with no history of intravenous drug use. Clin Infect Dis 20:S279–S282 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Tannock G. W. 1999; The normal microflora: an introduction. In Medical Importance of the Normal Microflora pp 1–23 Edited by Tannock G. W. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers;
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Tokura Y., Yagi J., O'Malley M., Lewis J. M., Takigawa M., Edelson R. L., Tigelaar R. E. 1994; Superantigenic staphylococcal exotoxins induce T-cell proliferation in the presence of Langerhans cells or class II-bearing keratinocytes and stimulate keratinocytes to produce T-cell-activating cytokines. J Invest Dermatol 102:31–38 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Vera L. A., Santos J. B., Macêdo V. O., Magalhães A. V., Ciuffo I. A., Santos C. G. 2001; Evaluation of the secondary bacterial infection′s influence on the evolution of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Corte de Pedra, Bahia. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 34:233–237 (in Portuguese [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Wehner J., Neuber K. 2001; Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins induce histamine and leukotriene release in patients with atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 145:302–305 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.46070-0
Loading
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.46070-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error