Serological diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi: evaluation of three enzyme immunoassays and an indirect immunofluorescent assay

References

1. Avila H. A., Pereira J. B., Thiemann O., De Paiva E., DeGrave W., Morel C. M., Simpson L. 1993; Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in blood specimens of chronic chagasic patients by polymerase chain reaction amplification of kinetoplast minicircle DNA: comparison with serology and xenodiagnosis. J Clin Microbiol 31:2421–2426
   [Google Scholar]
2. Camargo M. E. 1992; Serological diagnosis – an appraisal of Chagas' disease serodiagnosis. In Chagas' Disease (American Trypanosomiasis): its Impact on Transfusion and Clinical Medicine pp  165–178 Edited by Rassi A. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Cartgraf Editora Ltd;
   [Google Scholar]
3. Camargo M. E., Amato Neto V. 1974; Anti- Trypanosoma cruzi IgM antibodies as serological evidence of recent infection. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 16:200–202
   [Google Scholar]
4. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2002) Chagas disease after organ transplantation – United States, 2001. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51:210–212
   [Google Scholar]
5. Chiller T. M., Samudio M. A., Zoulek G. 1990; IgG antibody reactivity with Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania antigens in sera of patients with Chagas' disease and leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43:650–656
   [Google Scholar]
6. Ferreira A. W., Belem Z. R., Lemos E. A., Reed S. G., Campos-Neto A. 2001; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serological diagnosis of Chagas' disease employing a Trypanosoma cruzi recombinant antigen that consists of four different peptides. J Clin Microbiol 39:4390–4395 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
7. Freilij H., Altcheh J. 1995; Congenital Chagas' disease: diagnostic and clinical aspects. Clin Infect Dis 21:551–555 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
8. Jaros M. 1992; Guidelines for evaluating and introducing new clinical tests. Clin Immunol Newsl 12:33–37 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
9. Kerndet P. H. A. W., Kirchhoff L. V., Steurer F. J., Waterman S., Nelson J., Gelert G., Shulman I. 1991; Prevalence of antibody to Trypanosma cruzi among blood donors in Los Angeles, California. Transfusion 31:814–818 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
10. Kirchhoff L. V. 1993; American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) – a tropical disease now in the United States. N Engl J Med 329:639–644 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
11. Kirchhoff L. V. 1996; American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease). Gastroenterol Clin North Am 25:517–533 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
12. Kirchhoff L. V., Votava J. R., Ochs D. E., Moser D. R. 1996; Comparison of PCR and microscopic methods for detecting Trypanosoma cruzi . J Clin Microbiol 34:1171–1175
    [Google Scholar]
13. Krauss H., Weber A., Appel M., Enders B., Isenberg H. D., Schiefer H. G., Slenczka W. von Graevenitz A., Zahner H. (editors) 2003; Parasitic zoonoses. In Zoonoses: Infectious Diseases Transmissible from Animals to Humans , 3rd edn. pp  273–277 Washington, DC: ASM Press;
    [Google Scholar]
14. Leiby D. A., Read E. J., Lenes B. A., Yund A. J., Stumpf R. J., Kirchhoff L. V., Dodd R. Y. 1997; Seroepidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi , etiologic agent of Chagas' disease, in US blood donors. J Infect Dis 176:1047–1052 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
15. Leiby D. A., Wendel S., Takaoka D. T., Fachini R. M., Oliveira L. C., Tibbals M. A. 2000; Serologic testing for Trypanosoma cruzi : comparison of radioimmunoprecipitation assay with commercially available indirect immunofluorescence assay, indirect hemagglutination assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. J Clin Microbiol 38:639–642
    [Google Scholar]
16. Litwin C. M. 2000; Guidelines for verification and validation of immunology tests. Clin Microbiol Newsl 22:173–176
    [Google Scholar]
17. Martins T. B., Jaskowski T. D., Mouritsen C. L., Hill H. R. 1995; An evaluation of the effectiveness of three immunoglobulin G (IgG) removal procedures for routine IgM serological testing. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2:98–103
    [Google Scholar]
18. McCarthy M. 2003; American Red Cross to screen blood for Chagas' disease. Lancet 362: 1988
    [Google Scholar]
19. Mendes R. P., Hoshino-Shimizu S., Moura da Silva A. M., Mota I., Heredia R. A., Luquetti A. O., Leser P. G. 1997; Serological diagnosis of Chagas' disease: a potential confirmatory assay using preserved protein antigens of Trypanosoma cruzi . J Clin Microbiol 35:1829–1834
    [Google Scholar]
20. Mocayo A. 1992; Chagas' disease. Epidemiology and prospects for interruption of transmission in the Americas. World Health Stat Q 45:276–279
    [Google Scholar]
21. Oelemann W. M., Teixeira M. D., Verissimo Da Costa G. C., Borges-Pereira J., De Castro J. A., Coura J. R., Peralta J. M. 1998; Evaluation of three commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of Chagas' disease. J Clin Microbiol 36:2423–2427
    [Google Scholar]
22. Paxton H. 1998; Method validation and verification for high-complexity and inhouse (home brew) diagnostic immunology tests. In Clinical Diagnostic Immunology: Protocols in Quality Assurance and Standardization pp  71–77 Edited by Sever J. L. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc;
    [Google Scholar]
23. Reiche E. M., Cavazzana M. Jr., Okamura H., Tagata E. C., Jankevicius S. I., Jankevicius J. V. 1998; Evaluation of the western blot in the confirmatory serologic diagnosis of Chagas' disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59:750–756
    [Google Scholar]
24. Reyes M. B., Lorca M., Munoz P., Frasch A. C. 1990; Fetal IgG specificities against Trypanosoma cruzi antigens in infected newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87:2846–2850 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
25. Schechter M., Voller A., Marinkelle C. J., Flint J. E., Guhl F., Miles M. A. 1983; Purified Trypanosoma cruzi specific glycoprotein for discriminative serological diagnosis of South American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' Disease). Lancet 2:939–941
    [Google Scholar]
26. Schmunis G. A. 1991; Trypanosoma cruzi , the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease: status in the blood supply in endemic and nonendemic countries. Transfusion 31:547–557 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
27. Shikanai-Yasuda M. A., Marcondes C. B., Guedes L. A. & 10 other authors; 1991; Possible oral transmission of acute Chagas' disease in Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 33:351–357 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
28. Skeiky Y. A. W., Benson D. R., Parsons M., Elkon K. B., Reed S. G. 1992; Cloning and expression of Trypanosoma cruzi ribosomal protein P0 and epitope analysis of anti-P0 autoantibodies in Chagas' disease patients. J Exp Med 176:201–211 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
29. Solana M. E., Katzin A. M., Umezawa E. S., Miatello C. S. 1995; High specificity of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote ribonucleoprotein as antigen in serodiagnosis of Chagas' disease. J Clin Microbiol 33:1456–1460
    [Google Scholar]
30. Tanowitz H. B., Kirchhoff L. V., Simon D., Morris S. A., Weiss L. M., Wittner M. 1992; Chagas' disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 5:400–419
    [Google Scholar]
31. Umezawa E. S., Shikanai-Yasuda M. A., Stolf A. M. 1996a; Changes in isotype composition and antigen recognition of anti- Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies from acute to chronic Chagas disease. J Clin Lab Anal 10:407–413 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
32. Umezawa E. S., Shikanai-Yasuda M. A., Gruber A., Pereira-Chioccola V. L., Zingales B. 1996b; Trypanosoma cruzi defined antigens in the serological evaluation of an outbreak of acute Chagas disease in Brazil (Catole do Rocha, Paraiba). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 91:87–93
    [Google Scholar]
33. Umezawa E. S., Nascimento M. S., Kesper N. Jr, Coura J. R., Borges-Pereira J., Junqueira A. C., Camargo M. E. 1996c; Immunoblot assay using excreted-secreted antigens of Trypanosoma cruzi in serodiagnosis of congenital, acute, and chronic Chagas' disease. J Clin Microbiol 34:2143–2147
    [Google Scholar]
34. World Health Organization (WHO 1991 Control of Chagas disease: report of a WHO expert committee Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization;
    [Google Scholar]