- Volume 23, Issue 4, 1987
Volume 23, Issue 4, 1987
- Short Article
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The oxidase test in yeasts of medical importance
More LessSUMMARYThe results of an oxidase test were positive with species of Cryptococcus and eight species of Candida, but negative with Candida krusei and species of Saccharomyces and Torulopsis, grown on Columbia Agar base and similar media, including Brain Heart Infusion Agar and Mueller Hinton Agar. When grown on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, all the yeast genera and species were oxidase negative. The test is useful in delineating the genus Candida from Saccharomyces and Torulopsis.
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- Article
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Numerical analysis of electrophoretic protein patterns of Streptobacillus moniliformis strains from human, murine and avian infections
M. Costas and R. J. OwenSUMMARYA total of 31 cultures representing 22 different strains of Streptobacillus moniliformis has been characterised by unidimensional SDS-PAGE of cell proteins. The isolates were from sporadic and outbreak cases of human infection in the USA, UK and France, as well as mouse, turkey and rat isolates from various countries. The protein patterns, which contained 40–50 discrete bands, were highly reproducible and were used as the basis for a numerical analysis. Three clusters were obtained at the 86% similarity (S) level and these were further divided to give a total of seven clusters at the 90% S level. S. moniliformis strains, irrespective of the original host or geographical location of isolation, had a characteristic protein profile that enabled them to be easily distinguished from allied unclassifiable organisms. The analysis showed that Haverhill fever strains can be clearly distinguished from rat-bite fever strains. Protein-band differences amongst the latter strains corresponded with different geographical locations. We conclude that high resolution PAGE combined with computerised analysis of protein profiles provides the basis for typing clinical isolates of S. moniliformis. Seven PAGE types were identified and reference strains for each have been designated as a basis for future studies.
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Cell envelope protein profiles of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strains isolated in hospitals
More LessSUMMARYThe cell envelope protein patterns of 78 strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, mainly isolated in hospitals, were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The patterns were stable and reproducible. Comparison of the protein profiles made possible differentiation between two groups of strains. The patterns of the first group could be classified on the basis of concordance. Some profiles appeared to be associated with the epidemiological origin of the strains. The second group consisted of strains with unique patterns which could not be classified. Comparison of SDS-PAGE patterns appears to be a suitable method for the relative classification of A. calcoaceticus strains of nosocomial origin.
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Serological relationships between serotype-III Streptococcus sanguis and Lancefield group-H Streptococci
More LessSUMMARYCertain strains of Streptococcus sanguis and group-H streptococci have been shown to have similar physiological properties and serological specificities. Serological studies revealed that serotype-III S. sanguis shared a common antigen with the so-called “British” group-H streptococci, but not with the “American” group-H streptococci. Serotype-III antigen was extracted in cold 5% trichloroacetic acid from isolated cell walls of S. sanguis ATCC 10558, and purified chromatographically. The purified serotype-III antigen consisted of neutral and amino sugars and some phosphorus, and was negatively charged. Hapten inhibition of the quantitative precipitin reaction between serotype-III antigen and antiserum indicated the strong possibility of α-glucosidic linkages being an immunodeterminant of the antigen.
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Pili on Gardnerella vaginalis studied by electronmicroscopy
More LessSUMMARYFourteen recently isolated strains and two laboratory strains of Gardnerella vaginalis were examined by electronmicroscopy for the presence of pili. All strains isolated recently from both men and women were heavily pilated. In contrast only a few pili were seen on organisms of the two laboratory strains, with many of the organisms having no pili. The importance of multiple subculture in this loss was supported by the observation that the degree of pilation of one freshly isolated strain decreased on repeated subculture. Other findings suggested that this was probably due to gradual loss of pili and not to selection of organisms that were non-pilate originally.
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Phage-induced change of toxigenesis in Vibrio cholerae
More LessSUMMARYA temperate phage coding for constitutive hypertoxigenicity has been constructed in Vibrio cholerae strain 569B and used to lysogenise the low-toxin-producing strain MAK 757; 18% of lysogens showed 10–100-fold increase in toxin production. This property was also transmitted at low frequency to second generation lysogens. Thus temperate phage can increase toxin production in a low-toxin-producing strain.
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Examination of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains for an adenylcyclase stimulating factor
D. Law, K. M. Wilkie and R. FreemanSUMMARYEnteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains are a common cause of infantile diarrhoea but do not produce recognised enterotoxins. Three strains of proven virulence were examined for toxins which may be missed in conventional tests. Cell lysates and concentrated culture supernates of organisms grown in five different media gave negative results when examined for adenylcyclase stimulating activity. The additions of zinc ions or lincomycin to these media or the use of iron-depleted media also gave negative results. The significance of these findings and the possible role of other toxins in diarrhoea due to enteropathogenic E. coli are discussed.
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The mechanism of protection of infant mice from intestinal colonisation with Campylobacter jejuni
More LessSUMMARYBALB/c mice, vaccinated intraperitoneally with a heat-killed (62°C) suspension of Campylobacter jejuni before mating, completely protect c. 90% of their own infants from intestinal colonisation. This protection has now been investigated further in fostering experiments. Fostering by vaccinated dams within the first 24 h of life prevented intestinal colonisation in 50% of infants from non-vaccinated dams, and reduced colonisation in a further 25%. Infants from vaccinated dams, even if allowed to receive their own mothers’ colostrum and milk, became susceptible to challenge when subsequently fostered by non-vaccinated dams. Immunity in experimentally infected infant mice depended upon the consumption of immune milk at and after the time of challenge. High concentrations of IgG antibodies specific for C. jejuni were found in the serum and mammary secretion of vaccinated dams, but there was very little specific IgA antibody.
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Human carriage of Yersinia spp.
More LessSUMMARYExamination of faecal specimens for the presence of Yersinia spp. during a 1-year period yielded isolations from 3.5% of patients. Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Shigella spp. were isolated from 2.5%, 2.8% and 0.34% of patients respectively. Most isolates belonged to Y. enterocolitica biotype 1 (53%) and Y. frederikseni (39%). The most frequently encountered serotypable strains were serotypes O 5,27 and O 6,30. Serotype O 3, the commonly recognised pathogenic strain, was not isolated in this survey. A strong association between Yersinia excretion and the age group 1–14 years was demonstrated. Although biotype-1 strains and Y. frederikseni have not previously been thought to be pathogenic, clinical significance could be attributed to the presence of Yersinia spp. in almost 90% of patients aged 15 years or more, and in over 50% of patients in the younger age groups.
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Isolation and use of eight phages for typing Yersinia enterocolitica O3
More LessSUMMARYSubdivision of 137 isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica O3 into eight phagovars has been achieved. Some geographical differences were found in the sources of these phagovars and also of two biovars.
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A competitive immunosorbent assay for detection of Pseudomonas pseudomallei exotoxin
More LessSUMMARYThe development of monoclonal antibody and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques has made possible the detection of specific antigens at extremely low concentrations. Diagnosis of recalcitrant diseases such as melioidosis depends upon either early isolation and identification of the causative organism or the identification of a specific marker antigen, Pseudomonas pseudomallei exotoxin, in serum; the latter is better because it allows more rapid and simple diagnosis. A method of detecting exotoxin concentrations of > 16 ng/ml by an ELISA based on a monoclonal antitoxin is here described; it is significantly more sensitive than the mouse lethality test (lower threshold 30 µg/ml) currently in use and an in-vitro cytotoxicity test (lower threshold 10 µg/ml) that we have developed and describe here.
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Effect of glucan on Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice
More LessSUMMARYThe effect of glucan on Leishmania major infection was studied in BALB/c mice, which are highly susceptible to leishmania infection. Glucan (0.45 mg), or isovolumetric dextrose, was administered intraperitoneally 7, 5, 3 and 1 day before infection with L. major promastigotes. At 3, 5, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after infection, animals were killed; the liver and spleen of each animal were weighed and the parasite burden was calculated. A significant (p < 0.01) reduction in amastigote proliferation in liver and spleen of animals pretreated with glucan was demonstrated 4, 6 and 8 weeks after infection.
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