1887

Abstract

remains an important aetiological agent of infantile diarrhoea in Nicaragua. However, little is known about whether there is a high prevalence of endemic strains or whether infection is due to the epidemic spread of virulent clones. This study was undertaken to determine the diversity and distribution of clonal groups in a population of intestinal isolated from the faeces of children from León, Nicaragua, with (=381) and without (=145) diarrhoea, between March 2005 and September 2006. All samples had been screened previously for the presence of diarrhoeagenic (DEC) markers by multiplex PCR. From each sample, 8 colonies (where available) were analysed by biochemical fingerprinting (PhP-RE system), yielding a total of 4009 tested isolates. On average, three different biochemical phenotypes (BPTs) were found among the eight colonies analysed from each sample. The total diversity, measured as Simpson's diversity index (Di), was 0.97 among all 4009 isolates studied. Cluster analysis of data from all 4009 isolates revealed 24 common BPTs (identified in at least 1 % of the isolates) and 234 less common BPTs. Similar Di values were obtained among isolates from infants with and without diarrhoea, indicating that no widespread outbreak of DEC had occurred. Moreover, among samples that were positive for the DEC types enteroaggregative , enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic (ETEC) carrying the e gene, the diversities were almost as high as among non-DEC samples, whereas samples positive for ETEC carrying , enteroinvasive and enterohaemorrhagic showed lower diversities, indicating the prevalence of virulent clonal groups among these samples. The PhenePlate patterns of the 24 common BPTs identified here were compared with those obtained from isolated in a cohort infant study performed in 1991–1992 in the same area. Only 4 % of the isolates from the 1990s were similar to any of the common BPTs found in the present study.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.012724-0
2009-12-01
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/58/12/1593.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.012724-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Achá S. J., Kühn I., Jonsson P., Mbazima G., Katouli M., Möllby R. 2004; Studies on calf diarrhoea in Mozambique: prevalence of bacterial pathogens. Acta Vet Scand 45:27–36 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Achá S. J., Kühn I., Mbazima G., Colque-Navarro P., Möllby R. 2005; Changes of viability and composition of the Escherichia coli flora in faecal samples during long time storage. J Microbiol Methods 63:229–238 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Adlerberth I., Jalil F., Carlsson B., Mellander L., Hanson L. A., Larsson P., Khalil K., Wold A. E. 1998; High turnover rate of Escherichia coli strains in the intestinal flora of infants in Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect 121:587–598 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Ahmed W., Neller R., Katouli M. 2005; Host species-specific metabolic fingerprint database for enterococci and Escherichia coli and its application to identify sources of fecal contamination in surface waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:4461–4468 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Ahmed W., Tucker J., Bettelheim K. A., Neller R., Katouli M. 2007; Detection of virulence genes in Escherichia coli of an existing metabolic fingerprint database to predict the sources of pathogenic E. coli in surface waters. Water Res 41:3785–3791 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Alm J. S., Swartz J., Björkstén B., Engstrand L., Engström J., Kühn I., Lilja G., Möllby R., Norin E. other authors 2002; An anthroposophic lifestyle and intestinal microflora in infancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 13:402–411 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Casarez E. A., Pillai S. D., Di Giovanni G. D. 2007; Genotype diversity of Escherichia coli isolates in natural waters determined by PFGE and ERIC-PCR. Water Res 41:3643–3648 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Duriez P., Clermont O., Bonacorsi S., Bingen E., Chaventre A., Elion J., Picard B., Denamur E. 2001; Commensal Escherichia coli isolates are phylogenetically distributed among geographically distinct human populations. Microbiology 147:1671–1676
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Gillespie S. H., Hawkey P. M. 2006 Principles and Practice of Clinical Bacteriology , 2nd edn. Chichester: Wiley;
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Gorter A. C., Sandiford P., Pauw J., Morales P., Pérez R. M., Alberts H. 1998; Hygiene behaviour in rural Nicaragua in relation to diarrhoea. Int J Epidemiol 27:1090–1100 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Hunter P. R., Gaston M. A. 1988; Numerical index of the discriminatory ability of typing systems: an application of Simpson's index of diversity. J Clin Microbiol 26:2465–2466
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Kaper J. B., Nataro J. P., Mobley H. L. 2004; Pathogenic Escherichia coli . Nat Rev Microbiol 2:123–140 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Katouli M., Kühn I., Möllby R. 1990; Evaluation of the stability of biochemical phenotypes of Escherichia coli upon subculturing and storage. J Gen Microbiol 136:1681–1688 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Kühn I. 1985; Biochemical fingerprinting of Escherichia coli : a simple method for epidemiological investigations. J Microbiol Methods 3:159–170 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Kühn I., Möllby R. 1986; Phenotypic variations among enterotoxigenic O-groups of Escherichia coli from various human populations. Med Microbiol Immunol 175:15–26 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Kühn I., Franklin A., Soderlind O., Möllby R. 1985; Phenotypic variations among enterotoxinogenic Escherichia coli from Swedish piglets with diarrhoea. Med Microbiol Immunol 174:119–130 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Kuhnert P., Boerlin P., Frey J. 2000; Target genes for virulence assessment of Escherichia coli isolates from water, food and the environment. FEMS Microbiol Rev 24:107–117 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Landgren M., Odén H., Kühn I., Osterlund A., Kahlmeter G. 2005; Diversity among 2481 Escherichia coli from women with community-acquired lower urinary tract infections in 17 countries. J Antimicrob Chemother 55:928–937 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Mayatepek E., Seebass E., Hingst V., Kroeger A., Sonntag H. 1993; Prevalence of enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in children with and without diarrhoea in Esteli, Nicaragua. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 11:169–171
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Nataro J. P., Kaper J. B. 1998; Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli . Clin Microbiol Rev 11:142–201
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Nataro J. P., Deng Y., Cookson S., Cravioto A., Savarino S. J., Guers L. D., Levine M. M., Tacket C. O. 1995; Heterogeneity of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli virulence demonstrated in volunteers. J Infect Dis 171:465–468 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Paniagua M., Espinoza F., Ringman M., Reizenstein E., Svennerholm A. M., Hallander H. 1997; Analysis of incidence of infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in a prospective cohort study of infant diarrhea in Nicaragua. J Clin Microbiol 35:1404–1410
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Sears H. J., Brownlee I., Uchiyama J. K. 1950; Persistence of individual strains of Escherichia coli in the intestinal tract of man. J Bacteriol 59:293–301
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Shaheen H. I., Abdel Messih I. A., Klena J. D., Mansour A., El-Wakkeel Z., Wierzba T. F., Sanders J. W., Khalil S. B., Rockabrand D. M. other authors 2009; Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in samples obtained from Egyptian children presenting to referral hospitals. J Clin Microbiol 47:189–197 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Shpigel N. Y., Elazar S., Rosenshine I. 2008; Mammary pathogenic Escherichia coli . Curr Opin Microbiol 11:60–65 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Sneath P., Sokal R. 1973 Numerical Taxonomy: the Principles and Practice of Numerical Classification San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman;
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Suzart S., Guth B. E., Pedroso M. Z., Okafor U. M., Gomes T. A. 2001; Diversity of surface structures and virulence genetic markers among enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) strains with and without the EAEC DNA probe sequence. FEMS Microbiol Lett 201:163–168 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Vilanova X., Manero A., Cerdà-Cuéllar M., Blanch A. R. 2004; The composition and persistence of faecal coliforms and enterococcal populations in sewage treatment plants. J Appl Microbiol 96:279–288 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Vilchez S., Reyes D., Paniagua M., Bucardo F., Möllby R., Weintraub A. 2009; Prevalence of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in children from Leon, Nicaragua. J Med Microbiol 58:630–637 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  30. WHO 2000; Diarrhoea. In Handbook: IMCI – Integrated Management of Childhood Illness . pp 18–22 WHO and Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development (CAHD Geneva: Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development (CAHD), World Health Organization;
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Zoric M., Arvidsson A., Melin L., Kühn I., Lindberg J. E., Wallgren P. 2002; Comparison between coliform populations at different sites of the intestinal tract of pigs. Microb Ecol Health Dis 14:174–178 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.012724-0
Loading
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.012724-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error