@article{mbs:/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/00222615-38-2-129, author = "Li, Jia and Smith, N. H. and Nelson, Kimberlyn and Crichton, Pamela B. and Old, D. C. and Whittam, T. S. and Selander, R. K.", title = "Evolutionary origin and radiation of the avian-adapted non-motile salmonellae", journal= "Journal of Medical Microbiology", year = "1993", volume = "38", number = "2", pages = "129-139", doi = "https://doi.org/10.1099/00222615-38-2-129", url = "https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/00222615-38-2-129", publisher = "Microbiology Society", issn = "1473-5644", type = "Journal Article", abstract = "Summary Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was employed to estimate chromosomal genotypic diversity and relationships among 131 isolates of the non-motile Salmonella biotypes Gallinarum and Pullorum (serotype 1, 9, 12:–:–) that cause fowl typhoid and pullorum disease, respectively. Thirteen electrophoretic types (ETs), marking clones, were distinguished, and construction of a neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree revealed three lineages: one consisted of five ETs of Gallinarum, a second included seven ETs of Pullorum, and a third was represented by a single ET (Ga/Pu 1) that is intermediate between those of the other two lineages in both multilocus enzyme genotype and biochemical properties. Enzyme genotype analysis and comparative nucleotide sequencing of the phase 1 flagellin gene (fliC), the hook-associated protein 1 gene (flgK), and the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase gene (gnd) identified serotype Enteritidis (1, 9,12:g, m:–) as a close relative of the non-motile salmonellae. In most strains of biotype Gallinarum, the fliC gene is complete, intact and identical in sequence to that of Enteritidis, but isolates of three ETs had a stop codon at position 495. The fliC sequences of the ETs of Pullorum differed from that of Enteritidis in having non-synonymous changes in either two or three codons and a synonymous change in one codon. The sharing of distinctive alleles at three metabolic enzyme loci and a stop codon in flgK indicates that the non-motile salmonellae are monophyletic and that their most recent common ancestor was non-motile. Since diverging from that ancestor, the Pullorum lineage has evolved more rapidly than the Gallinarum and Ga/Pu 1 lineages.", }