1887

Abstract

Summary

A total of 16 909 cultures of (Lancefield group A) isolated in Britain during 1980—90 were examined for T- and M-protein antigens. One or other M antigen was detected in 92.6% of the strains. The numbers of isolates of some serotypes, such as M3 and M12, did not show great variation from year-to-year, whereas there were nationwide epidemics, extending over several years, caused by strains of serotypes M1 and M49. Isolates of serotypes M1 and M3 were associated particularly with invasive disease and fatal infections. Representatives of serotypes M80, M81 and the provisional types PT180, PT1658 and PT5757 were isolated most often from cases of pyoderma. Erythromycin resistance was detected in 30 serotypes but one half of all of the resistant isolates belonged to serotype M4.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/00222615-39-3-165
1993-09-01
2024-04-16
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/39/3/medmicro-39-3-165.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/00222615-39-3-165&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Williams REO, Maxted WR. The type classification of Strep tococcus pyogenes. Atti del VI Congresso Internazionale di Microbiologia Roma 1953; 1:46–49
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Fraser CAM, Colman G. Some provisional M-types among Streptococcus pyogenes (Lancefield group A). In: Kimura Y, Kotani S, Shiokawa Y. (eds) Recent advances in streptococci and streptococcal diseases Bracknell: Reedbooks; 198535–36
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Kehoe MA. New aspects of Streptococcus pyogenes pathogenicity. Rev Med Microbiol 1991; 2:147–152
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Maxted WR, Valkenburg HA. Variation in the M-antigen of group-A streptococci. J Med Microbiol 1969; 2:199–210
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Freeman R, Goodfellow M, Gould FK, Hudson SJ, Lightfoot NF. Pyrolysis-mass spectrometry (Py-MS) for the rapid epidemiological typing of clinically significant bacterial pathogens. J Med Microbiol 1990; 32:283–286
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Gaworzewska E, Colman G. Changes in the pattern of infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Epidemiol Infect 1988; 100:257–269
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Colman G, Tanna A, Gaworzewska ET. Changes in the distribution of serotypes of Streptococcus pyogenes. In: Orefici G. (ed) New perspectives on streptococci and streptococcal infections Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer; 199214–16
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Report Serotypes of Streptococcus pyogenes: their prevalence in England and Wales, 1952-1956. Monthly Bull Min Hlth andPHLS 1957; 16:163–172
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Mayon-White RT, Perks EM. Why type streptococci? The epidemiology of group A streptococci in Oxfordshire 1976-1980. J Hyg 1982; 88:439–452
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Martin PR, Hoiby EA. Streptococcal serogroup A epidemic in Norway 1987-1988. ScandJInfect Dis 1990; 22:421–429
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Holm SE, Norrby A, Bergholm A-M, Norgren M. Aspects of pathogenesis of serious group A streptococcal infections in Sweden, 1988-1989. J Infect Dis 1992; 166:31–37
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Henrichsen J, Ronne T. Reemergence of severe group A streptococcal infections in Denmark 1988-89. In: Orefici G. (ed) New perspectives on streptococci and streptococcal infections Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer; 19928–10
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Schwartz B, Facklam RR, Breiman RF. Changing epidemi ology of group A streptococcal infection in the USA. Lancet 1990; 336:1167–1171
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Duben J, Jelinkova J, Mickova S et al. Nine-year study of streptococcal infections in a sample of the general population. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1978; 22:162–176
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Report Surveillance of streptococcal infections: bacteraemia and meningitis 1975-88. Communicable Disease Report 1990; CDR90/26:3–4
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Ispahan P, Donald FE, Aveline AJD. Streptococcus pyogenes bacteraemia: an old enemy subdued, but not defeated. J Infect 1988; 16:37–46
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Francis J, Warren RE. Streptococcus pyogenes bacteraemia in Cambridge—a review of 67 episodes. Q J Med 1988; 68:603–613
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Report Surveillance of streptococcal infections II: bacteraemia and meningitis 1980-89. Communicable Disease Report 1990; CDR90/38:3
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Colman G. Typing of Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield group B). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1988; 7:226–231
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Poole PM, Tobin JO’H. Viral and epidemiological findings in MRC/PHLS surveys of respiratory disease in hospital and general practice. Postgrad Med J 1973; 49:778–787
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Royal College of General Practitioners/Office of Population Censuses and Surveys Morbidity statistics from general practice 1971-2: Second national study. Studies on medical and population subjects, No. 36 London: HMSO; 1979
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Randolph MF, Gerber MA, De Meo KK, Wright L. Effect of antibiotic therapy on the clinical course of streptococcal pharyngitis. JPediatr 1985; 106:870–875
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Hope-Simpson RE. Streptococcus pyogenes in the throat: a study in a small population, 1962-1975. J Hyg 1981; 87:109–129
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Breese BB, Disney FA. Factors influencing the spread of beta hemolytic infections within the family group. Pediatrics 1956; 17:834–838
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Briscoe JHD. Outbreak of streptococcal infection in a boys’ preparatory school. Communicable Disease Report 1982; CDR82/13:3–4
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Briscoe JHD. Persistent streptococcal throat infection in a preparatory school for boys. J Hyg 1985; 95:671–676
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Boissard JM, Fry RM. Streptococcal school outbreaks: a method of investigation and control. J Hyg 1966; 64:221–230
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Jensen IP, Ejlertsen T. Reappearance of group A streptococci in acute otitis media. Scand J Infect Dis 1990; 22:431–435
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Gunn W, Griffith F. Bacteriological and clinical study of one hundred cases of scarlet fever. J Hyg 1928; 28:250–266
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Katz AR, Morens DM. Severe streptococcal infections in historical perspective. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14:298–307
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Hedlund P, Lagercrantz R. Typing of hemolytic streptococci in scarlet fever and other streptococcal diseases. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1953; 5:39–43
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Christie P. Thirty years of scarlet fever in Scotland. Com municable Diseases Scotland 1990; CDS90/10:7–10
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Macgregor JD. Scarlet fever in Shetland: December 1979 to April 1980. Communicable Diseases Scotland 1980; CDS80/21:7–9
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Parker MT. International survey of the distribution of serotypes of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus). Bull World Health Organ 1967; 37:513–527
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Sramek J, Havlickova H. Surveillance of types of group A streptococci associated with acute throat and skin infections in Czechoslovakia, 1986-1989. In: Orefici G. (ed) New perspectives on streptococci and streptococcal infections Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer; 199231–32
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Kohler W, Gerlach D, Knoll H. Streptococcal outbreaks and erythrogenic toxin type A. Zentralbl Bakteriol Hyg A 1987; 266:104–115
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Knoll H, Sramek J, Vrbova K, Gerlach D, Reichardt W, Kohler W. Scarlet fever and types of erythrogenic toxin produced by the infecting streptococcal strains. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1991; 276:94–106
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Hallas G. The production of pyrogenic exotoxins by group A streptococci. J Hyg 1985; 95:47–57
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Yu C-E, Ferretti JJ. Frequency of the erythrogenic toxin B and C genes (speB and speC) among clinical isolates of group A streptococci. Infect Immun 1991; 59:211–215
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Wilmers MJ, Cunliffe AC, Williams REO. Type-12 streptococci associated with acute haemorrhagic nephritis. Lancet 1954; 2:17–18
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Majeed HA, Yousof AM, Rotta J, Havlickova H, Bahar G, Bahbahani K. Group A streptococcal strains in Kuwait: a nine-year prospective study of prevalence and associations. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11:295–300
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Dillon HC, Reeves MS, Maxted WR. Acute glomerulonephritis following skin infection due to streptococci of M-type 2. Lancet 1968; 1:543–545
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Ludlam H, Cookson B. Scrum kidney: epidemic pyoderma caused by a nephritogenic Streptococcus pyogenes in a rugby team. Lancet 1986; 2:331–333
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Reid HFM, Bassett DCJ, Gaworzewska E, Colman G, Poon-King T. Streptococcal serotypes newly associated with epidemic post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis. J Med Microbiol 1990; 32:111–114
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Anthony BF, Kaplan EL, Wannamaker LW, Briese FW, Chapman SS. Attack rates of acute nephritis after type 49 streptococcal infection of the skin and of the respiratory tract. J Clin Invest 1969; 48:1697–1704
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Johnston KH, Zabriskie JB. Purification and partial characterization of the nephritis strain-associated protein from Streptococcus pyogenes, group A. J Exp Med 1986; 163:697–712
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Ohkuni H, Todome Y, Suzuki H et al. Immunochemical studies and complete amino acid sequence of the streptokinase from Streptococcus pyogenes (group A) M type 12 strain A374. Infect Immun 1992; 60:278–283
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Collis WRF. Acute rheumatism and haemolytic streptococci. Lancet 1931; 1:1341–1345
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Griffith F. The serological classification of Streptococcus pyogenes. J Hyg 1934; 34:542–584
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Kaplan EL, Johnson DR, Cleary PP. Group A streptococcal serotypes isolated from patients and sibling contacts during the resurgence of rheumatic fever in the United States in the mid-1980s. J Infect Dis 1989; 159:101–103
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Bessen D, Jones KF, Fischetti VA. Evidence for two distinct classes of streptococcal M protein and their relationship to rheumatic fever. J Exp Med 1989; 169:269–283
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Swerlick RA, Cunningham MW, Hall NK. Monoclonal anti bodies cross-reactive with group A streptococci and normal and psoriatic human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1986; 87:367–371
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Aoki S, Yaoita H, Kitajima Y. An elevated level of autoantibodies against 48- to 50-kD keratins in the serum of patients with psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 92:179–183
    [Google Scholar]
  54. McFadden J, Valdimarsson H, Fry L. Cross-reactivity between streptococcal-M surface antigen and human skin. Br J Dermatol 1991; 125:443–447
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Baughman RD. Search for Streptococcus. Arch Dermatol 1992; 128:103
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Telfer NR, Chalmers RJG, Whale K, Colman G. The role of streptococcal infection in the initiation of guttate psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1992; 128:39–42
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Report Serious group A streptococcal infection in women of child-bearing age. Communicable Disease Report 1982; CDR82/12:4
    [Google Scholar]
  58. de Louvois J, Hurley R, Stanley VC. Microbial flora of the lower genital tract during pregnancy: relationship to morbidity. J Clin Pathol 1975; 28:731–735
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Lewis RFM. Beta-haemolytic streptococci from the female genital tract: clinical correlates and outcome of treatment. Epidemiol Infect 1989; 102:391–400
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Lehtonen O-PJ, Kero P, Ruuskanen O et al. A nursery outbreak of group A streptococcal infection. J Infect 1987; 14:263–270
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Claesson BEB, Claesson U L-E. An outbreak of endometritis in a maternity unit caused by spread of group A streptococci from a showerhead. J Hosp Infect 1985; 6:304–311
    [Google Scholar]
  62. McKinlay PL. The relation between puerperal septicaemia and certain infectious diseases. J Hyg 1927-28; 27:186–196
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Pierce AM, Hart CA. Vulvovaginitis: causes and management. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67:509–512
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Hedlund P. Acute vulvovaginitis in streptococcal infections. Nor disk Medicin 1953; 17:566–568
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Bowie WR, MacDonald NE. (eds) 1989; Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and management of sexually transmitted diseases, by syndrome, in children, adolescents and adults. Ottawa: Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, 1989;9
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Donald FE, Slack RCB, Colman G. Streptococcus pyogenes vulvovaginitis in children in Nottingham. Epidemiol Infect 1991; 106:459–465
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Dillon HC, Derrick CW, Dillon MS. M-antigens common to pyoderma and acute glomerulonephritis. J Infect Dis 1974; 130:257–267
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Markham NP, Stenhouse AC. A bacteriological investigation of wound infections in Rarotonga, Cook Islands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1959; 53:404–409
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Ferrieri P, Dajani AS, Wannamaker LW, Chapman SS. Natural history of impetigo. I. Site sequence of acquisition and familial patterns of spread of cutaneous streptococci. J Clin Invest 1972; 51:2851–2862
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Cruickshank JG, Lightfoot NF, Sugars KH et al. A large outbreak of streptococcal pyoderma in a military training establishment. J Hyg 1982; 89:9–21
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Leyden JJ, Stewart R, Kligman AM. Experimental infections with group A streptococci in humans. J Invest Dermatol 1980; 75:196–201
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Lawrence DN, Facklam RR, Sottnek FO, Hancock GA, Neel JV, Salzano FM. Epidemiologic studies among Amerindian populations of Amazonia. I. Pyoderma: prevalence and associated pathogens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1979; 28:547–558
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Dajani AS, Ferrieri P, Wannamaker LW. Natural history of impetigo. II. Etiologic agents and bacterial interactions. J Clin Invest 1972; 51:2863–2871
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Dillon HC. The treatment of streptococcal skin infections. J Pediatr 1970; 76:676–684
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Barnham M, Kerby J. Pyoderma at a police training centre. Communicable Disease Report 1984; CDR84/35:4
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Riddell DI, Douglas S, Cruickshank JG. The prevention and control of superficial wound infection in a military training establishment: a comparative study of two different strengths of povidone-iodine dry powder spray. J Hosp Infect 1988; 11:393–395
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Backhouse Cl, Cartwright RY. An outbreak of streptococcal skin sepsis in a closed community. BMJ 1974; 3:497–499
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Colling A, Kerr I, Maxted WR, Widdowson JP. Streptococcal infection in a Junior Detention Centre: a five-year study. J Hyg 1980; 85:331–341
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Colling A, Kerr I, Maxted WR, Widdowson JP. Minimum amount of penicillin prophylaxis required to control Streptococcus pyogenes epidemic in closed community. BMJ 1982; 285:95–96
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Nelson JD, Dillon HC, Howard JB. A prolonged nursery epidemic associated with a newly recognized type of group A streptococcus. J Pediatr 1976; 89:792–796
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Skjold SA, Wannamaker LW, Johnson DR, Margolis HS. Type 49 Streptococcus pyogenes: phage subtypes as epidemiological markers in isolates from skin sepsis and acute glomerulonephritis. J Hyg 1983; 91:71–76
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Nicholls MWN, Brooks J. Streptococcal infection in a psychiatric hospital. Communicable Disease Report 1983; CDR83/01:4
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Cruickshank R. The bacterial infection of burns. J Pathol Bacteriol 1935; 41:367–369
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Jackson DM, Lowbury EJL, Topley E. Chemotherapy of Streptococcus pyogenes infection of burns. Lancet 1951; 2:705–711
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Working Group on Streptococcal Infection in Meat Handlers A survey of streptococcal skin sepsis among meat handlers and other workers. In: Parker MT. (ed) Pathogenic streptococci: Proceedings of the VHth International Symposium on streptococci and streptococcal diseases Chertsey: Reedbooks; 1979117–118
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Public Health Laboratory Service Working Group on Streptococcal Infection in Meat Handlers The epidemiology and control of streptococcal sepsis in meat handlers. Environ Health 1982; 90:256–258
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Spencer RC, Wheat PF, Magee JT, Brown EH. Erythromycin resistance in streptococci. Lancet 1989; 1:168
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Phillips G, Parratt D, Orange GV, Harper I, McEwan H, Young N. Erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990; 25:723–724
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Scott RJD, Naidoo J, Lightfoot NF, George RC. A community outbreak of group A beta haemolytic streptococci with transferable resistance to erythromycin. Epidemiol Infect 1989; 102:85–91
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Stingemore N, Francis GRJ, Toohey M, McGechie DB. The emergence of erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes in Fremantle, Western Australia. Med J Aust 1989; 150:626–631
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/00222615-39-3-165
Loading
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/00222615-39-3-165
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error