1887

Abstract

Summary.

The ability of cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin and tobramycin to cause release of endotoxin was examined with cultures of and . Endotoxin was measured by a quantitative limulus amoebocyte lysate assay and its presence was confirmed by silver staining of the lipopolysaccharide moiety following SDS-PAGE. The morphology of the bacteria during antibiotic exposure was examined by scanning electronmicroscopy. Cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and piperacillin caused significant endotoxin release, correlating with their ability to affect cell-wall morphology, causing filamentation, wall breakage and cell lysis. In contrast, little endotoxin was released when bacteria were exposed to tobramycin and no morphological changes were observed when bacteria were exposed to bactericidal concentrations of this aminoglycoside. Its antimicrobial spectrum and bactericidal activity make tobramycin an appropriate agent for treatment of sepsis caused by gram-negative bacteria and its lack of propensity to elicit excessive release of endotoxin may avoid exacerbation of endotoxin-related shock in sepsis.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/00222615-40-1-23
1994-01-01
2024-04-20
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jmm/40/1/medmicro-40-1-23.html?itemId=/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/00222615-40-1-23&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Morrison DC, Ryan JL. Endotoxins and disease mechanisms. Annu Rev Med 1987; 38:417–432
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Parrillo JE, Parker MM, Watanson C. Septic shock in humans : advances in the understanding of pathogenesis, cardiovascular dysfunction, and therapy. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113:227–242
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Ispahani P, Pearson NJ, Greenwood D. An analysis of community and hospital-acquired bacteraemia in a large teaching hospital in the United Kingdom. Q J Med 1987; 63:427–440
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Shenep JL, Mogan KA. Kinetics of endotoxin release during antibiotic therapy for experimental Gram-negative sepsis. J Infect Dis 1984; 150:380–388
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Cohen J, McConnell JS. Release of endotoxin from bacteria exposed to ciprofloxacin and its prevention with polymyxin B. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1986; 5:13–17
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Goto H, Nakamura S. Liberation of endotoxin from Escherichia coli by addition of antibiotics. Jpn J Exp Med 1980; 50:35–43
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Stokes DC, Shenep JL, Fishman M, Hildner WK, Bysani GK, Rufus K. Polymyxin B prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced release of Tumor Necrosis Factor-a from alveolar macrophages. J Infect Dis 1989; 160:52–57
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Rifkind D. Prevention by polymyxin B of endotoxin lethality in mice. J Bacteriol 1967; 93:1463–1464
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Van Den Berg C, De Neeling AJ, Schot CS, Hustinx WNM, Wemer J, De Wildt DJ. Delayed antibiotic-induced lysis of Escherichia coli in vitro is correlated with enhancement of LPS release. Scand J Infect Dis 1992; 24:619–627
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Greenwood D. Antibiotic sensitivity testing. In : Antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 198991–100
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Stokes EJ, Ridgway GL. Antimicrobiol drugs. In: Clinical microbiology, 6. London: Edward Arnold; 1987199–240
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Maniatis T, Fritsch EF, Sambrook J. Molecular cloning. A laboratory manual Cold Spring Habour, NY: Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory; 1982440
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of the bacteriophage T4. Nature 1970; 227:680–685
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Hitchcock PJ, Brown TM. Morphological heterogeneity among Salmonella lipopolysaccharide chemotypes in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. J Bacteriol 1983; 154:269–277
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Hancock I, Poxton I. Bacterial cell surface techniques. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons; 1988 Appendix 1 281
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Tsai C-M. The analysis of lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines by silver staining following SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J Biol Standard 1986; 14:25–33
    [Google Scholar]
  17. McCartney AC, Banks JG, Clements GB, Sleigh JD, Tehrani M, Ledingham IM. Endotoxaemia in septic shock : clinical and postmortem correlations. Intensive Care Med 1983; 9:117–122
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Michie HR, Manogue KR, Spriggs DR. Detection of circulating tumour necrosis factor after endotoxin administration. N Engl J Med 1988; 318:1481–1486
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Reeves DS, Bywater MJ, Holt HA, White LO. In-vitro studies with ciprofloxacin, a new 4-quinolone compound. J Antimicrob Chemother 1984; 13:333–346
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Elliott TSJ, Shelton A, Greenwood D. The response of Escherichia coli to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. J Med Microbiol 1987; 23:83–88
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Davis BD. Mechanism of bactericidal action of amino-glycosides. Microbiol Rev 1987; 51:341–350
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Dofferhoff ASM, Nijland JH, de Vries-Hospers HG, Mulder POM, Weits J, Bom VJJ. Effects of different types and combinations of antimicrobial agents on endotoxin release from Gram-negative bacteria: An in vitro and in vivo study. Scand J Infect Dis 1991; 23:745–754
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Bayston KF, Cohen J. Bacterial endotoxin and current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of endotoxaemia. J Med Microbiol 1990; 31:73–83
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Artenstein AW, Cross AS. Inhibition of endotoxin reactivity by aminoglycosides. J Antimicrob Chemother 1989; 24:826–828
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Focà A, Matera G, Iannello D, Berlinghieri MC, Liberto MC. Aminoglycosides modify to in vitro metachromatic reaction and murine generalised shwartzman phenomenon induced by Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:2161–2164
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Marston A, Bulkley GB, Fiddian-Green RG, Haglund UH. Splanchnic ischaemia and multiple organ failure London: Edward Arnold; 1989
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Olofsson P, Nylander G, Olsson P. Endotoxin: routes of transport in experimental peritonitis. Am J Surg 1986; 151:443–446
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Stoutenbeek CP, van Saene HKV, Miranda DR, Zandstra DF. The effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on colonisation and infection rate in multiple trauma patients. Intensive Care Med 1984; 10:185
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Bion JF. Endotoxinaemia in the critically ill patient. Current Anaesthesia and Critical Care 1991; 2:161–166
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Vandenbroucke JP. Effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on respiratory tract infections and mortality in the intensive care unit. Lancet 1991; 338:859–862
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Ngeleka M, Beauchamp D, Tardif D, Auclair P, Gourde P, Bergeron MG. Endotoxin increases the nephrotoxic potential of gentamicin and vancomycin plus gentamicin. J Infect Dis 1990; 161:721–727
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/00222615-40-1-23
Loading
/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/00222615-40-1-23
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error